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This graph depicts the following types of decisions (the
numbers correspond to the numbers in the graph):
1. financial investment decision : individual investors and
institutional investors invest money in financial instruments, such as
bank deposits, government bonds, corporate bonds, shares of stock, or
professional investment funds. They have to decide on over what time
horizon to invest, what securities to include in the investment
portfolio, and how to adjust the portfolio over time.
2. financing decision : part of the securities traded on the
financial markets involve corporate bonds and shares of stock. Together
with bank loans, these are the major sources of corporate financing.
Since production processes take time, the firm’s activities need to be
financed, and the firm has to decide on what securities to issue, and
what bank loans to take - these are capital structure decisions. Except
for its equity, the securities issued by the firm are liabilities to the
firm.
3. capital investment decision : the money that has been raised
from issuing securities and taking loans, is invested in projects. These
projects are the assets of the firm. Here the firm faces the problems of
identifying investment projects, determining the profitability of
investment projects (on the basis of which a go/no-go decision is made),
and managing the projects over time.
4.a. reinvestment decision : part of the money generated by the
investment projects (the cash flow) can be reinvested in the firm (but
what part?), either in the form of replacement investments or as growth
investments.
4.b. financing decision : and part of the cash flow can be used
to pay interest over bonds (coupons) or bank loans, or repay loans, or
pay dividends to shareholders (dividend policy), or buy back some
portion of the shares outstanding. These are all financing decisions.
5. asset pricing : the trading activities in financial securities
(buying and selling) will result in market prices of these securities.
At these prices, investors are willing to hold the securities.
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